參加同等學(xué)力在職研究生申碩，學(xué)員必須要參加外語和學(xué)科綜合水平測(cè)試，那么英語就是外語的語種之一，選擇報(bào)考英語專業(yè)的考生，多做閱讀理解題是非常有好處的。

　　Learning disabilities are very common. They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girls have learning disabilities.

　　Since about 1970，new research has helped brain scientists understand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many different kinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many different things. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities result from differences in the way the brain is organized.

　　You cannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. There is no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at the brain itself to learn what might be wrong.

　　In one study，researchers examined the brain of a learning-disabled person，who had died in an accident. They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain，which control language. These cells normally are white. In the learning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.

　　The study was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind，an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally. Probably，he said，nerve cells there did not connect as they should. So the brain was like an electrical device in which the wires were crossed.

　　Other researchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead，they measured the brain’s electrical activity and made a map of the electrical signals.

　　Frank Duffy experimented with this technique at Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Boston. Doctor Duffy found large differences in the brain activity of normal children and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughout the　e brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just the left side.

　　1. Scientists found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ from those of a normal person in .

　　A. structure and function B. color and function

　　C. size and arrangement D. color and arrangement

　　2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

　　A. Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.

　　B. Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.

　　C. Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of brain cells.

　　D. Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.

　　3. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that .

　　A. many factors account for learning disorder

　　B. a learning-disabled person shows no outward signs

　　C. reading disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of the population

　　D. the brain activity of learning-disabled children is different from that of normal children

　　4. Doctor Duffy believed that .

　　A. he found the exact cause of learning disabilities

　　B. the problem of learning disabilities was not limited to the left side of the brain

　　C. the problem of learning disabilities resulted from the left side of the brain

　　D. the problem of learning disabilities did not lie in the left side of the brain

　　5. According to the passage we can conclude that further researches should be made .

　　A. to investigate possible influences on brain development and organization

　　B. to study how children learn to read and write，and use numbers

　　C. to help learning-disabled children to develop their intelligence

　　D. to explore how the left side of the brain functions in language learning

　　大約從1970年以來，新的研究已經(jīng)幫助腦科學(xué)家更好地探討了這一問題。科學(xué)家現(xiàn)在了解到：有很多不同種類的無學(xué)習(xí)能力，它們由許多不同的原因引起。可以肯定的是：所有的無學(xué)習(xí)能力都是由大腦組合在一起的不同方式導(dǎo)致的。

　　你不可能看一眼某個(gè)兒童就說他或她有無無學(xué)習(xí)能力癥，這種疾病沒有外在表現(xiàn)。因此，一些研究人員開始研究大腦本身，以便了解哪個(gè)部位出了什么問題。

　　在一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員檢查了一個(gè)死于意外事故的無學(xué)習(xí)能力者的大腦。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩件不尋常的事情。一件是與大腦左半部的細(xì)胞有關(guān)的，這些細(xì)胞控制語言，這些細(xì)胞在正常情況下是白色的。然而，這個(gè)無學(xué)習(xí)能力者的細(xì)胞卻是灰色的。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，許多神經(jīng)細(xì)胞并沒有按照它們應(yīng)該的方式排成一條直線，而是交織在一起。

　　這項(xiàng)研究是在諾爾曼·蓋茨維德的指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的，他是一個(gè)早期研究無學(xué)習(xí)能力的專家。蓋茨維德醫(yī)生指出，無學(xué)習(xí)能力主要是由于大腦左半部出現(xiàn)問題造成的。他認(rèn)為，大腦的這半部分沒有正常發(fā)育。他說，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞沒有按照它們應(yīng)該的方式連接起來。所以，大腦就像一個(gè)線路交叉在一起的電子設(shè)備。

　　其他研究人員沒有對(duì)腦部組織進(jìn)行研究。相反，他們檢測(cè)了腦部的電子活動(dòng)，并繪制了一幅電子信號(hào)圖。

　　弗蘭克·達(dá)菲在波士頓的兒童醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)中心用這種技術(shù)進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)。他發(fā)現(xiàn)，正常兒童與那些無學(xué)習(xí)能力的兒童的腦部活動(dòng)有很大差異。這些差異遍布大腦。達(dá)菲醫(yī)生說，他的研究證實(shí)：無學(xué)習(xí)能力與大腦許多部位的損傷有關(guān)，而不只是與大腦的左半部有關(guān)。

　　1. 【正確答案】D

　　【考點(diǎn)類型】細(xì)節(jié)判斷

　　【解析過程】科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，沒有學(xué)習(xí)能力的人的大腦細(xì)胞和一個(gè)正常人的大腦細(xì)胞的不同在于 。

　　A. 結(jié)構(gòu)和功能 B. 顏色和功能

　　C. 大小排序 D. 顏色和排序

　　線索1：文章的第3段提到“These cells normally are white. In the learning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray.”

　　線索2：文章的第3段提到“The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.”

　　通過線索1和線索2的理解，我們可以判斷正確答案應(yīng)該是選項(xiàng)D.

　　2. 【正確答案】A

　　【考點(diǎn)類型】細(xì)節(jié)判斷

　　【解析過程】下面哪句話是文章沒有提到的?

　　A. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力可能是由于大腦不被人認(rèn)知的部位造成的。

　　B. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力可能是由于大腦許多部位受到傷害造成的。

　　C. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力可能是由于腦細(xì)胞的不正常組織造成的。

　　D. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力可能是由于大腦左側(cè)的問題。

　　線索1：文章的第7段提到“that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just the left side.”表明B在原文中明確提到。

　　線索2：文章的第3段提到“... nerve cells were mixed together.”表明選項(xiàng)C在文章中出現(xiàn)。

　　線索3：文章的第5段提到“Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side of the brain.”表明選項(xiàng)D在原文中明確提到。

　　只有選項(xiàng)A在原文中沒有提到。

　　3. 【正確答案】C

　　【考點(diǎn)類型】細(xì)節(jié)排除

　　【解析過程】下面哪句是不正確的?

　　A. 許多因素導(dǎo)致了無學(xué)習(xí)能力。

　　B. 一個(gè)沒有學(xué)習(xí)能力的人不會(huì)向外展示信號(hào)。

　　C. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力是一個(gè)常見的問題，影響全部人口的10%。

　　D. 沒有學(xué)習(xí)能力的孩子大腦的活動(dòng)和正常孩子的大腦活動(dòng)不同。

　　線索：文章的第1段提到“They affect perhaps 10 percent of all children.”很清楚是占據(jù)了所有孩子的10%，所以選項(xiàng)C是錯(cuò)誤。

　　答案。A選項(xiàng)在原文的第2段“...and that they are caused by many different things.”明確提到。B選項(xiàng)在原文第3段“There is no outward sign of the disorder.”明確提到。D選項(xiàng)在原文第4段“They found two unusual things...”明確提到。

　　4. 【正確答案】B

　　【考點(diǎn)類型】細(xì)節(jié)判斷

　　【解析過程】達(dá)菲醫(yī)生認(rèn)為：

　　A. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)了無學(xué)習(xí)能力的確切原因

　　B. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題并不僅僅限于大腦的左側(cè)

　　C. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題來自于大腦的左側(cè)

　　D. 無學(xué)習(xí)能力的問題不位于大腦的左側(cè)

　　線索：文章的最后一段提到“Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just the left side.”表明選項(xiàng)B是正確答案。選項(xiàng)C在文章中第4段提到了，但不是達(dá)菲說的。

　　5. 【正確答案】A

　　【考點(diǎn)類型】細(xì)節(jié)判斷

　　【解析過程】根據(jù)文章，我們可以得出結(jié)論：進(jìn)一步的研究將應(yīng)該 。

　　A. 調(diào)查可能影響大腦發(fā)展和組織的因素

　　B. 去研究孩子們是如何學(xué)習(xí)讀書和習(xí)字，并且使用數(shù)字

　　C. 幫助無學(xué)習(xí)能力的孩子發(fā)展他們的智力

　　D. 去探索大腦的左半部分在語言學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)發(fā)揮的功能

　　這篇短文所涉及的內(nèi)容主要是關(guān)于無學(xué)習(xí)能力的人的大腦的發(fā)展和組織結(jié)構(gòu)，所以選項(xiàng)A是正確答案。